Low-light images often suffer from low brightness and contrast, which makes some scene details hard to see. This can affect the performance of many computer vision tasks, such as object recognition, tracking, scene understanding, and occlusion detection. Therefore, it is important and useful to enhance low-light images. One technique to enhance low-light images is based on the Retinex theory, which decomposes images into two components: reflection and Illumination. Several mathematical models have been recently developed to estimate the Illumination map using this theory. These methods first compute an initial Illumination map and then refine it by solving a mathematical model. This paper introduces a novel method based on the Retinex theory to estimate the Illumination map. The proposed method employs a new mathematical model with a differentiable objective function, unlike other similar models. This allows us to use more diverse methods to solve the proposed model, as classical optimization methods such as Newton, Gradient, and Trust-Region methods need the objective function to be differentiable. The proposed model also has linear constraints and is convex, which are desirable properties for optimization. We use the CPLEX solver to solve the proposed model, as it performs well and exploits the features of the model. Finally, we improve the Illumination map obtained from the mathematical model using a simple linear transformation. This paper introduces a new method based on the Retinex theory for enhancing low-light images. The proposed method improves the Illumination and the visibility of the scene details. We compare the performance of our method with six existing methods: AMSR, NPE, SRIE, DONG, MF, and LIME. We use four common metrics to evaluate the visual quality of the enhanced images: AMBE, LOE, SSIM, and NIQE. The results demonstrate that our method is competitive with many of the state-of-the-art methods for low-light image enhancement.

Scleral buckling is a highly successful technique for the repair of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment that requires intra‑operative examination of the retina and treatment of retinal breaks via indirect ophthalmoscopy. Data suggest that scleral buckling likely results in improved outcomes for many patients but is declining in popularity, perhaps because of significant advances in vitrectomy instrumentation and visualization systems. Emerging data suggest that chandelier‑assisted scleral buckling is safe and has many potential advantages over traditional buckling techniques. By combining traditional scleral buckling with contemporary vitreoretinal visualization techniques, chandelier‑assistance may increase the popularity of scleral buckling to treat primary rhegmatogenous retinal detachment for surgeons of the next generation, maintaining buckling as an option for appropriate patients in the future.

Purpose: To compare the mechanism of Illumination contrast sensitivity with color contrast sensitivity.Methods: All articles published in the intended field from the 1956 to 2016 using the search engines including PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar was searched. About 100 articles were obtained that by removing duplicate articles and irrelevant ones, finally 40 related articles, were examined, carefully.Results: The results of relevant studies showed that the contrast sensitivity function curve is band-pass for Illumination contrast and low-pass for color contrast sensitivity of visual system. It has also been stated that mechanism of color contrast sensitivity is similar for red and green and different from blue one.Conclusion: Color contrast sensitivity and Illumination contrast sensitivity function are different of the shape of the curve as well as the mechanisms, which would be explained by the multi-channel visual system.

Background and Aim: Lack of quantitative and qualitative data on the current status and the possible adverse effect of poor Illumination necessitate the evaluation of the Illumination system in the industrial section.To perform quantitative and qualitative assessments of Illumination conditions in factories located in the west of Tehran and to look at the adverse consequences of insufficient Illumination.Materials and Methods: Data were collected through objective measurements and interviews with 616 factory workers. We used a structured questionnaire for data collection.Results: Out of the total number of work sites inspected, 19.8% sufficient Illumination, 46.1%hadmoderate Illumination, and 29.7% work sites had Illumination levels considered to be inadequate for precise tasks.Among those who worked in places with moderate Illumination, 56.7% belonged to the 16-20 years age group; 86.7% of individuals within this age group had to perform very precise tasks. Besides, 46.4% of the female workers and 45.7% of the males worked in places with moderate Illumination .Work site observations and interviews revealed that those working under moderate and insufficient light commonly inhaled hazardous fumes and suffered from headaches and glare.Conclusion: Factory work entails a variety of visual tasks. Besides creating a pleasant working environment, Illumination of the workplace should provide sufficient amounts of light, visibility, luminance and contrast.

Persian manuscripts were produced during the second century until the forth one in Iran. Iranians had experiences about painting in pre-Islamic era, so they played an important role in creating art works such as miniature, illuminated pages in Islamic civilization after the emergence of Islam. In the first centuries of emerging Islam, beautiful transcription, ornamentation of Quran was honors of newly Muslim Iranians and so they invented the method of Illumination. Generally book Illumination was a supplement to calligraphy and improved the status of this valuable art in Islam. The Illumination has had a special position among other art works. Because most of the manuscripts includes author mark and date and some of the final pages of the manuscripts consist of the place of transcript, the name of painter, the name of Diwani galleries, or private workshops. In the next centuries a special kind of accepted miniature was applied besides Illumination. At first these decorations were started with limited stainers especially pure gold but from the sixth century on, various colored elements were added as well and then an exact partition was created among the artists related to this art. So, scribes, painters, illuminators, tabulators, gold in layers, builders of azure and other colors cooperated with each other in the field of bibliopegy. The calligrapher was also an illuminator and could be a painter. The gold inlayer was usually called illuminator and while the illuminator did calligraphy, he was called scribe. Concerning the variety of designs and colors of Illumination from the emergence to the completion of it in the next centuries, the Illumination included especial eras and schools like painting and drawing with privileged features. In this article, appearance and evolution of Illumination in Persian bibliopegy have been researched and evaluated in 5 eras including the first centuries of the beginning of Islam, seljukids, Mongolians (and Il-khans), Timurid, Safavid (and Ottoman). To briefly talk about the specification of eras of Illumination we can refer to the following cases: 1. The Illumination was simple, without decorations and with limited colors in the third and forth centuries. 2. In the fifth and sixth centuries (Seljukids) Qur'an was illuminated gold-sprinkling and gold-spotting. In this era most of the illuminated manuscripts are Qur'an. 3. In the seventh and eighth centuries (Mongolians and Il-khans) new decorated formats like circular medallion and arabesque were appeared. 4. In the eight and ninth centuries (Timurid) the decorated designs have been continued in attractive details with more elegance. 5. The Illumination in the tenth and eleventh centuries (Safavid) has reached the high glory. The differences in colors, the more exact distribution of colors and getting the leaves and flora nature-oriented confirm this glory. 6. The Illumination in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries (Afshari and Zandi and Qajar) has reached the high glory in terms of elegance, variety and plurality of schools. And in the second half of the thirteenth century this art has been limitedly continued. It has been faded because of the development of printing's industry in Iran.

Purpose: Ophthalmology has seen numerous novel uses for smartphones over the years including fundus photography, telemedicine, and operative videography. However, anterior segment photography for assessing and documenting trabeculectomy bleb morphology using a smartphone has not been explored in detail. With the current study, we aim to characterize ideal Illumination for the anterior segment smartphone photography in trabeculectomy patients. Methods: Thirty status post-trabeculectomy patients were enrolled in this study. Native camera application and FiLMiC pro camera application were used on iPhone X to compare bleb images using yellow and white pen-torches as Illumination source. Measured bleb area was compared using ImageJ software from the two apps in different Illumination settings by charting boxplots and using one-way ANOVA test using R software to establish consistency. Bland-Altman interoperability for repeatability of blebarea measurements was analyzed by plotting Bland-Altman plots. Signal-to-noise ratio was calculated using ImageJ for native camera images using slit-lamp camera images as reference. Subjective rating of these images was then performed by two experienced ophthalmologists and kappa coefficient was calculated for inter-operator repeatability. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: The measured bleb area from images taken from both apps showed no significant difference, thereby establishing consistency, and Bland-Altman analysis indicated good repeatability and reproducibility. It was noted that SNR was lower for images shot in close Illumination as compared to the ones shot in intermediate and distant Illumination. Cohen’ s kappa coefficient was 0. 7 for images with distant Illumination using white light and 0. 65 for images clicked with Illumination at an intermediate distance using yellow light, suggesting substantial agreement between the observers. Conclusion: Smartphone photography is a reliable tool for morphological assessment trabeculectomy blebs. Optimal Illumination helps achieve results free from digital noise and better delineation of specific morphological features. Intermediate Illumination and distant Illumination provides much better results in terms of high SNR while avoiding overexposure and clipping of highlight information in the images.

Foreknowledge of the theological issues that have long attracted the attention of scientists with different approaches, including Islamic philosophers and commented on the analysis focused.This article titled "representation foreknowledge of philosophy at the School of Illumination," going on to explore the philosophical school, founder Sheykh Shahabuddin Al Sohrevrdy-Ashraq-explained his philosophy about foreknowledge of reach.It is clear that the philosophy and epistemology of Sheikh Illumination varies according to the oriental principles of Illumination, light, intuition is based, according to his own philosophical presuppositions person knows the attainment of knowledge, especially in the realm of Education unseen imparted becomes a matter of not physical So that he may know according to the principles of the unseen kingdom, it may be obvious, that the Shia belief system is of the utmost importance.

In Suhrawardi philosophy–like any philosophy which seeks to explain the general facts of being–the issuance of plurality is an important element in the Cosmology and defers with Mashsha basis in this regard. The Issuance of plurality contains several stages in Suhrawardi's main works: Agreement with Mashsha’ on the emanation of the first caused, criticizing them for the Issuance of underneath spheres, establishing new theory using the principles such as permitting Issuance of simple caused from combined cause, formation of the universe from light and darkness, being no veil between lights, the lights resulted of viewing superior levels, the lights resulted of radiation of superior levels on low levels, prevail and dignity of predominant lights into low lights and vice versa, humiliation and love of low lights toward superior ones. With these principles, he shows the necessary points of plurality in longitudinal intellects in order to prove the issuance of multiple lateral intellects (Platonic ideas).Suhrawardi also, by citing some affairs in the nature such as vegetable forces, duration of species and existence of low types for each species, considers them as proof for intellectual ideas.

Biometric-based techniques have emerged as the most promising option for individual recognition. This task is still a challenge for computer vision systems. Several approaches to adult image recognition, which include the deep neural network and traditional classifier, have been proposed. Different image condition factors such as expressions, occlusion, poses, and Illuminations affect the facial recognition system. A reasonable amount of Illumination variations between the gallery and probe images need to be taken into account in adult image recognition algorithms. In the context of adult image verification, Illumination variation plays a vital role and this factor will most likely result in misclassification. Different architectures and different parameters have been tested in order to improve the classification’ s accuracy. This proposed method contains four steps, which begin with Fuzzy Deep Neural Network Segmentation. This step is employed in order to segment an image based on Illumination intensity. Histogram Truncation and Stretching is utilized in the second step for improving histogram distribution in the segmented area. The third step is Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE). This step is used to enhance the contrast of the segmented area. Finally, DCT-II is applied and low-frequency coefficients are selected in a zigzag pattern for Illumination normalization. In the proposed method, AlexNet architecture is used, which consists of 5 convolutional layers, max-pooling layers, and fully connected layers. The image is passed through a stack of convolutional layers after fuzzy neural representation, where we used filter 8 × 8. The convolutional stride is fixed to 1 pixel. After every convolution, there is a subsampling layer, which consists of a 2×2 kernel to do max pooling. This can help to reduce the training time and compute complexity of the network. The proposed scheme will be analyzed and its performance in accuracy and effectiveness will be evaluated. In this research, we have used 80, 400 images, which are imported from two datasets-the Compaq and Poesia datasets-and used images found on the Internet.